EPISODE: 026 - APPROVED DOCUMENT K - PROTECTION FROM FALLING, COLLISION AND IMPACT
- Piotr Bytnar BEng (Hons) MSc CEng MIStructE
- Nov 5, 2024
- 19 min read
Updated: Jun 23
BYTNAR - TALKS
EPISODE 026 - APPROVED DOCUMENT K - PROTECTION FROM FALLING, COLLISION AND IMPACT
This episode is for people who want to know more about Approved Document Part K – Protection From Falling, Collision and Impact.
You should like this episode if you ask yourself questions like:
What are the design requirements for stairs and guardings to ensure safety in private, public, and industrial buildings according to Approved Document K?
What are the safety standards for ramps and protective barriers, including gradient and width criteria?
Where are guardrails required, and what are the specific height and strength standards for fall protection?
What safety measures are needed for vehicle barriers and loading bays to prevent accidents and protect workers?
What impact resistance and safety standards apply to glazing in public and residential buildings?
How should non-residential buildings manage the risk of collisions with open windows using barriers or protective measures?
What are the guidelines for glazing manifestation, and how should large glass panels be marked to prevent accidents?
What are the safe operation standards for windows in non-dwelling buildings, and what measures prevent falls through open windows?
How should non-residential buildings be designed to provide safe access for window cleaning and minimize risks associated with ladder use?
This is Bytnar Talks: The Engineer Takes on Construction, Episode 26
Hi, I'm Piotr Bytnar. Each day I help my clients plan and design building projects through Bytnar Limited, a consulting Chartered Structural Engineering practice.
My biggest passion—and the cornerstone on which I’ve built my business—is finding clever solutions for construction projects. I am a Chartered Structural Engineer and a budding software developer, so you can rest assured that I will strive to talk about best practices and the use of new technologies in the industry.
And if you’re embarking on a construction project or are involved in planning, designing, and building the world around us—you’ll find this podcast useful.
Approved Document K: Protection from Falling, Collision, and Impact
Hi, and welcome to Bytnar Talks, your favorite podcast on all matters of architecture, engineering, and construction.
It is Thursday, the 8th of August 2024, and I’m back with you for the 26th episode, bringing you information on Approved Document K: Protection from Falling, Collision, and Impact.
We are in the middle of the summer holidays. The weather is mild—not what you would normally expect from August—but hey, it is pleasant, great for walking, and great for work.
As ever, before I dive into the material for this episode, let’s take a quick look at what was covered last week.
In the last episode, I talked about Approved Document J: Combustion Appliances and Fuel Storage Systems. There are seven requirements covered in this document, contained within six sections. These sections are as follows:
Section Zero covers Scope and Standards. This section tells us that the document primarily focuses on domestic installations, covering solid, gas, and oil combustion and fuel storage systems with specific output limits. We are referred for additional guidance to the CIBSE Guide B, BSI, and IGEM materials.
Section One outlines General Provisions for Safe Installation. The section covers general requirements for proper specification, materials, workmanship, and inspection. Key elements include adequate air supply, ventilation, flue systems, carbon monoxide alarms, hearth sizing, heat insulation, and proper documentation. Compliance testing is mandatory.
Section Two covers Solid Fuel Appliances up to 50 kW of output. It details air supply, flue size and height, outlet position, and clearances from combustibles or products of combustion. Hearth specifications vary based on appliance type and building fabric proximity.
Section Three deals with Gas Appliances up to 70 kW net input. It requires installation by a Gas Safe registered professional, recommends room-sealed appliances for sleeping or bathing areas, and specifies ventilation, flue requirements, and outlet positioning to avoid nuisance.
Section Four addresses Oil-Burning Appliances up to 45 kW output. These follow similar guidelines to gas appliances, with specific provisions for oil types and their blends. It emphasizes flue gas temperature, acidity of combustion gases, positioning, and hearth materials. In most instances, manufacturer specifications must be followed.
Section Five covers Oil and LPG Storage. It states that the storage must be protected from fire and environmental damage, requires proper installation, secondary containment, and emergency procedure labeling. Fire-resistant barriers may be needed based on proximity to buildings and side boundaries. It provides guidance on underground and above-ground piping.
In this episode, I’ll move on to Approved Document K: Protection from Falling, Collision, and Impact.
So without further ado, let’s dive straight into it.
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In this episode, I’ll talk about the statutory guidance contained within Approved Document K: Protection from Falling, Collision, and Impact.
When you read the Building Regulations, Schedule 1—where these requirements are listed—you’ll find that Document K also covers the provisions of Requirement N. Therefore, there is no separate Approved Document that specifically deals with that requirement.
The episode will follow the standard format I use for all episodes covering Approved Documents. I will first read you the text of the actual regulation, and then we’ll go section by section through the document.
The document contains guidance for the discharge of Requirements K1 to K6 in ten sections, labeled 1 to 6.
So let’s get into the nitty-gritty of this Approved Document
Starting with the text of the legislation:
Part K - Protection from Falling, Collision, and Impact
Stairs, Ladders, and Ramps — Requirement K1
K1 — Stairs, ladders, and ramps shall be so designed, constructed, and installed as to be safe for people moving between different levels in or about the building.
Requirement K1 applies only to stairs, ladders, and ramps which form part of the building.
Protection from Falling — Requirement K2
K2 — The following shall be provided with barriers where it is necessary to protect people in or about the building from falling:a) Any stairs, ramps, floors, balconies, and any roof to which people have access.b) Any light well, basement area, or similar sunken area connected to a building.
Requirement K2(a) applies only to stairs and ramps which form part of the building.
Vehicle Barriers and Loading Bays — Requirement K3
K3.1 — Vehicle ramps and any level in a building to which vehicles have access shall be provided with barriers where it is necessary to protect people in or about the building.K3.2 — Vehicle loading bays shall be constructed in such a way, or be provided with such features, as may be necessary to protect people in them from collision with vehicles.
Protection Against Impact with Glazing — Requirement K4
K4 — Glazing with which people are likely to come into contact while moving in or about the building shall:a) If broken on impact, break in a way which is unlikely to cause injury; orb) Resist impact without breaking; orc) Be shielded or protected from impact.
Protection from Collision with Open Windows, Etc. — Requirement K5.1
K5.1 — Provision shall be made to prevent people moving in or about the building from colliding with open windows, skylights, or ventilators.
Note: Requirement K5.1 does not apply to dwellings.
Manifestation of Glazing — Requirement K5.2
K5.2 — Transparent glazing with which people are likely to come into contact while moving in or about the building shall incorporate features which make it apparent.
Note: Requirement K5.2 does not apply to dwellings.
Safe Opening and Closing of Windows, Etc. — Requirement K5.3
K5.3 — Windows, skylights, and ventilators which can be opened by people in or about the building shall be so constructed or equipped that they may be opened, closed, or adjusted safely.
Note: Requirement K5.3 does not apply to dwellings.
Safe Access for Cleaning Windows, Etc. — Requirement K5.4
K5.4 — Provision shall be made for any windows, skylights, or translucent walls, ceilings, or roofs to be safely accessible for cleaning.
Note: Requirement K5.4 does not apply to:a) Dwellings; orb) Any transparent or translucent elements whose surfaces are not intended to be cleaned.
Protection Against Impact and Trapping by Doors — Requirement K6
K6.1 — Provision shall be made to prevent any door or gate:a) Which slides or opens upwards from falling onto any person; andb) Which is powered, from trapping any person.
K6.2 — Provision shall be made for powered doors and gates to be opened in the event of a power failure.
K6.3 — Provision shall be made to ensure a clear view of the space on either side of any swing door or gate.
Note: Requirement K6 does not apply to:a) Dwellings; orb) Any door or gate which is part of a lift.
Okay, so these are the paragraphs of the legislation—requirements contained within Schedule 1. The Approved Document covers all these aspects within its ten sections.
The guidance begins by letting us know that, for example, a repair to a window by replacement of the glazing only is not considered building work. However, replacement or introduction of a new frame is. The document is concerned with elements of the building or features attached to it. For circumstances outside its scope, we should seek guidance from other documents—like Approved Document M, for pedestrian access and circulation routes to the building.
We are also reminded that other legislation may be more onerous than Building Regulations, so certain aspects need to be cross-checked. For example:
For Requirement K1, we may need to refer to the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992, specifically Regulation 17.
Regulation 6 of the Work at Height Regulations 2005 should also be reviewed when dealing with Requirement K2.
Similar close checks may also be necessary for other aspects of the regulations.
Section One: Geometry of Stairs
Section One deals with guidance on aspects of the geometry of stairs, special stairs, fixed ladders, and handrails and guarding of stairs.
Every day, quite a few people get injured—or even die—on domestic stairs. So it’s no wonder there are regulations pointing us in the direction of safe geometry has been put in place and is being lobbied for—without it, it is impossible to have safe stairs, as with every change of level, gravity will drag us to the lowest place, whether we like it or not.
The strategy here—the Secretary of State’s strategy—is to control how we change that level and what is considered reasonably safe for the circumstances. So, we can expect a different approach for public access spaces, private dwellings, or access for maintenance only.
The document is concerned with the geometry of stairs in and immediately leading to the building. Limits are being imposed on steepness—also known as the pitch of the stairs—which is the angle of the stringer, if you like, or simply the inverse of the tangent of the ratio (division) of the riser by the going. That’s a mouthful.
The pitch line is measured along the nosings. There is no limit on the minimum protrusion of the nosing in closed-riser stairs, but it should be no more than 25 mm—and at least 60 mm if the risers are open. If kids can get stuck in the stairs, then the riser opening should not be larger than 100 mm.
The maximum pitch for private stairs—meaning in private dwellings—is 42°. If you want to measure whether the new stairs will fit within your house, considering the length, it is simply 11% more than the difference in height between the floors.
Ideally, however, the transition will be as smooth as possible, having a rise of 150 mm and a going between 220 mm and 400 mm. The guidance typically asks that two times the riser dimension plus the going dimension be somewhere between 550 mm and 700 mm.
Gangways in Assembly Buildings
Gangways in assembly buildings are treated a little differently:
They should be of a maximum 35° pitch.
Be of uniform width.
Provide access to transverse gangways leading to vomitory exits.
Prevent crossing of transverse and radial gangways with tiered seating to prevent crowd congestion.
Step risers should be between 100 mm and 190 mm, of equal height.
Maximum 100 steps are allowed for gangways over 25° in pitch, and with no cross gangways.
The landing at the exit of the stepped gangway needs to be at least 1.1 m deep, or at least as deep as the width of the doors.
Step-side gangways should have a handrail.
The step tread—the level between the stairway and the nearest step—should be the same.
Gangways need to be at least 900 mm wide for up to 50-person use, and at least 1.1 m above that limit.
You can read all these points in the document—very straightforward stuff.
Construction of Steps
Construction of steps should be uniform—you do not want to keep guessing what the next step is going to be.
For buildings outside of dwellings, we are encouraged to make the nosing visible by applying contrasting material on the nosing and treads—a minimum of 55 mm width—and to protect people from banging their heads on the soffit of stairs if it is below 2 m in height, by either guarding or providing low-level cane detection.
We are also discouraged from using open risers for common access to flats. The expectation of making steps more visible is slightly reduced in width, but solid risers and a maximum nosing of 25 mm remain in place.
Measuring Headroom Over Stairs
If you’ve ever wondered how to measure headroom over stairs—it is measured along the pitch line and cannot be less than 2 m, including landings. If the building is other than a dwelling, the 2 m headroom will also apply to escape routes.
The document recognizes that the 2 m headroom may sometimes be difficult to achieve in loft conversions, so it provides some leeway—the headroom can be reduced to 1.9 m in the middle of the stairs and 1.8 m to one side.
Width of Stairs
For the width of stairs, there are no special provisions for dwellings other than for steps at the entrance storey—which should be at least 900 mm wide.
For stairs other than in dwellings, either the requirement of the fire escape route from Approved Document B should be followed, or stairs should be a minimum of 1 m between handrails, or 1.2 m between walls or constraining features.
If, however, stairs are wider than 2 m, they should be divided into at least 1 m wide sections.
Flight of Stairs and Landings
The length of a flight of stairs should follow particular limits of the number of risers, which is:
36 risers, after which a landing must be provided.
A change of direction of at least 30° is required.
Furthermore, for buildings other than dwellings and in common access to flats, there should be:
No single steps.
A maximum of 16 risers for utility stairs.
12 risers for general access stairs, but possibly up to 16 in small premises where there is no space otherwise.
Landings should be clear of obstruction and satisfy the minimum sizing of depth and width—equaling the width of the stair for dwellings—but a minimum of 1.2 m in length otherwise.
Doors may swing over the top landings, but only if these are openable from the outside and provide at least 400 mm of residual space for a person opening the door. Landings may be up to 1 in 60 gradient (sloped) if this is due to ground sloping, but they will need to be of hard surface.
Doors may also swing across bottom landings in dwellings, but the remaining space of minimum 400 mm should be observed.
Tapered Stairs
Tapered stairs should follow the same considerations as normal stairs, and the going width is measured in the middle of the stairs, as ascribed by its circle.
If tapered stairs are mixed with straight stairs (as in the case of a winding staircase), the tapered stair going cannot be less than that of the straight stairs.
For spiral and helical staircases, we are directed to BS 5395 Part 2 – Code of Practice for the Design of Helical and Spiral Stairs.
Again, leeway is provided for tight spaces, such as in some loft conversions, where alternating stairs or fixed ladders may be used for access to one-bedroom loft conversions only.
Industrial Buildings and Access
For industrial buildings, we are directed to BS 5395 Part 3 – Code of Practice for the Design of Industrial Type Stairs, Permanent Ladders and Walkways; or BS 4211 – Specification for Permanently Fixed Ladders.
Handrails should be positioned between 900 mm and 1,000 mm over the pitch line, and on both sides of stairways wider than 1 metre. For buildings other than dwellings and for common access to flats.
Further considerations regarding the position and continuity of the handrail should be observed—and these are nicely shown in the document's diagrams.
Additional design considerations include:
No protrusions into the access route.
Visual contrast between handrails and background.
Materials that are not reflective, not easily damaged, and have low overheating potential.
Detailing that does not catch clothing.
Suitable handrail profiles.
Guarding of Stairs
Guarding of stairs should be between 800 mm and 1.1 m from the floor, depending on the building category and circumstances:
Generally 900 mm at stairs.
1.1 m at landings and balconies.
800 mm at front seating in assembly spaces or at windows.
If the building may be used by children under 5 years of age, think about their rascal minds and protect them from falling off the railing or getting stuck between the spindles.
Thus, a 100 mm maximum spacing between elements is required, and a difficult-to-climb design is encouraged by the Secretary of State.
Guarding to stairs and landings will also be needed in dwellings where the possible drop is more than 600 mm, and in non-dwellings where there are two or more risers.
Access for Maintenance
Access for maintenance will vary depending on the frequency of use:
For stairs and ladders used at least once per month, we are directed to this Approved Document or BS 5395 Part 3.
For less frequent access, portable means may be considered, as long as they abide by safety considerations of the CDM Regulations.
Section Two – Guidance on Ramps and Guarding of Ramps
The guidance on ramps is much more straightforward, as there is much less variation. But generally, the approach is similar to that of stairs, and again, we are only concerned here with ramps in or attached to the building.
Ramps should be readily apparent in non-dwellings.
Ramp considerations start at the shallow end of 1:20 gradient, which gives you a 500 mm rise over a 10 m long ramp—at which point a landing should be provided.
The steepest allowable gradient is 1:12, and at this point, a landing should be provided after 2 m of going.
Ramps should be:
Clear of obstructions.
Minimum 1.5 m wide.
Equipped with kerbs on open sides for non-dwellings.
Head height and protection of the ramp soffit from skull impact should be addressed, just as with stairs.
Landings and guarding for ramps follow the same considerations as stairs, with the addition of wheelchair passing landing size requirements—minimum 1.8 m in both directions for ramps with three flights or more, or when there is no way to see if a wheelchair user is entering the ramp from the opposite side.
Section Three – Guidance on Protection from Falling
This has already been quite well covered when talking about stairs, but just to reinforce:
In dwellings, we think 600 mm fall height triggers guarding.
Otherwise, a fall of two steps or 380 mm triggers guarding if not part of a stair flight.
There is no need to provide guarding on ramps used solely for vehicle access only or in loading bays where it would make normal use more difficult. Naturally, the guarding needs to be strong enough for the building category and location, and further guidance can be sought from British Standards BS 6180 and BS EN 1991.
In addition, areas accessed only for maintenance should be signed as specified in the Health and Safety (Safety Signs and Signals) Regulations 1996. In the case of rarely frequented areas, the use of warning notices or temporary guarding may be sufficient.
Section Four – Vehicle Barriers and Loading Bays
This requirement boils down to the provision of either:
A strong enough barrier to stop or deflect a vehicle,
Or provision of an alternative escape, exit, or refuge to avoid collision.
The barrier should be strong enough and a minimum of 375 mm in height generally, but at least 610 mm at ramps edge
Loading bays should have barriers where needed, but also must have at least one two-step exit point from where the vehicle parks.
For loading bays for three or more vehicles, there should be at least two-step exit points, or one exit and a refuge instead of the second.
Section Five – Protection Against Impact with Glazing
In a gist: as long as the glazing will not harm you, is strong enough not to break, or is guarded from impact, the Secretary of State is happy.
In addition, we are informed why the consideration of the height of 800 mm (generally) and 1,500 mm (upper level) is important—it’s due to kids at the lower level and adults at the upper limit.
We consider glass safety and suitability in accordance with impact resistance testing to BS EN 12600 and BS 6206.
If disintegration produces small, non-sharp particles, we are good to go.
Depending on the size of the glass panel, different classifications are permitted:
Class 2 to BS EN 12600, and
Class B to BS 6206.
Glass panels exceeding 900 mm in width are fine for use in doors and side panels. Otherwise, in other locations, panel sizes and locations can be classified down to Class 3 or Class C under the respective standards—and we’re good to go with those lower classes.
We are also informed that annealed glass is fine at certain thicknesses and panel sizes for shop fronts, showrooms, offices, factories, and public buildings, as long as:
They are supported on four edges, and
Do not exceed certain dimensions (e.g., 8 mm thick for 1.1 m² panels, up to unlimited size panels for 15 mm thick glass).
Naturally, the size of the glass panel will be limited by manufacturing constraints, typically around 6 x 3 m, although that’s pushing it.
In low-width pane arrangements, small panes may be used with:
250 mm maximum width, and
Overall area of no more than 0.5 m².
The thickness of glass should be at least 6 mm, but may be 4 mm in leaded or copper lights.
If glazing is protected by a screen, the screen should be:
At least 800 mm in height, and
Designed to prevent a 75 mm sphere from passing through any gap.
If the glazing protects people from falling, the barrier should be designed to discourage climbing over it.
Section Six – Protection from Collision with Open Windows, etc.
This consideration does not include dwellings.
And in essence—just make sure no one will hit into openable elements, and you’re good as rain.
The “openable and hittable stuff” is anything up to 2 m from the ground and less than 100 mm from the face of the wall.
In these cases, you should provide:
Barriers,
Cane detection, or
Change of surface to alert people moving in or about the building.
Section Seven – Manifestation of Glazing
Another non-dwelling requirement.
If you’ve ever seen hazy labels of different shapes and sizes in offices or public spaces, this is it.
We try to avoid people walking into glass by making it visible.
This applies to critical locations of large, uninterrupted transparent glazing.
Permanent manifestation of the glazing can be achieved by many methods:
Labels,
Framing,
Large door handles, etc.
If the glazing already includes features that clearly mark its presence, no further action is needed.
But generally, we need to mark glazing at two distinct height levels with markings that:
Contrast from the background, and
Are visible from both sides.
These height bands are:
Between 850 mm and 1,000 mm, and
Between 1,400 mm and 1,600 mm from the floor.
Section Eight - Guidance on safe opening and closing of Windows
Section Eight - provides guidance on safe opening and closing of Windows etc. This also does not apply to dwellings and is and it simply means that you should not be harmed while operating windows, skylights, and ventilators. The controls for such openings should be located no further than 600 mm from the window, and not higher than 1.9 m, or 1.7 m if there is an obstruction in the way.
If these limits cannot be observed, there should be manual instructions on how to operate the mechanism—or an electrical remote control.
Windows should be installed with opening limiters or barriers if they are above ground level and may lead to someone falling through the opening.
Section Nine – Safe Access for Cleaning Windows
This does not apply to dwellings or to spaces not intended for cleaning. Otherwise, as long as the access for cleaning is safe, the requirement is satisfied.
The reaching distance out of a window for cleaning is limited to:
610 mm downward, and
850 mm outward and to the sides of the window.
If these distances are exceeded, then:
Provide windows that open inward,
Or safely rotating windows,
Or provide access using ladders—simple ladders up to 6 m tall at a 1:4 lean, or safely secured ladders if longer (up to 9 m), and kept away from traffic.
Section Ten – Protection Against Impact From and Trapping by Doors
Yet again, this consideration does not apply to dwellings.
And in simple terms, this is in place to ensure safe operation of doors—not only for you, the person who grabs the handle, but also for people on the other side of the door.
This is achieved through the provision of vision panels in door leaves larger than 450 mm in width, with two zones of visibility:
One between 500 mm and 800 mm from the ground, and
Another between 1.15 m and 1.5 m.
Sliding doors should have mechanisms that prevent them from falling or derailing.Upward-opening doors and gates must have proper fall control.Power-operated doors should be fitted with safety features like:
Pressure-sensitive edges,
Stop switches, and
Automatic or manual opening in case of power failure.
If doors swing into access routes by more than 100 mm, users should be protected by a barrier between 0.9 m and 1.1 m in height, with cane detection at the bottom.
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Summary: Approved Document K – Protection from Falling, Collision, and Impact
Let’s sum it up section by section.
This document provides comprehensive guidance on various aspects of building safety, with specific sections dedicated to key areas concerning falling, collision, and impact:
Section 1 – Stairs and Guarding
Outlines safety requirements for stair design and construction, including geometry, handrails, and guarding. It specifies maximum pitch, rise and going dimensions, and uniform step construction. It also addresses special considerations for different building types: private dwellings, public spaces, and industrial facilities.
Section 2 – Ramps and Guarding
Similar to stairs, ramps must meet specific gradient and width requirements, with appropriate landings and guarding. It ensures ramps are safe and accessible, especially in non-residential buildings where wheelchair accessibility is crucial.
Section 3 – Protection from Falling
Guarding is required for areas with fall risks, such as stairs, balconies, and raised platforms. Specific height and strength requirements are outlined, with additional guidance for maintenance-only areas.
Section 4 – Vehicle Barriers and Loading Bays
Considers the need for barriers strong enough to stop or deflect vehicles. Loading bays require exit points or refuges to ensure the safety of users.
Section 5 – Glazing Safety
Focuses on impact resistance and how glass behaves after impact to prevent injury. This includes requirements for glass type, thickness, panel size, and protective barriers where needed.
Section 6 – Collision with Open Windows
Applies to non-residential buildings. Emphasizes the need to prevent people—especially those with visual impairments—from colliding with open windows or protrusions, through the use of barriers, cane detection, or surface change indicators.
Section 7 – Manifestation of Glazing
Covers large transparent glass panels. These must be clearly marked to prevent accidental collision, with visibility at two specific height levels.
Section 8 – Safe Operation of Windows
Requires clear and accessible manual or automated controls for windows. Where safety is a concern, particularly above ground level, barriers or limiters must be in place to prevent falls.
Section 9 – Access for Window Cleaning
Non-residential buildings must provide safe access for window cleaning, with reach limits and requirements for ladder safety, or design choices that allow for inward or rotational window operation.
Section 10 – Door Safety
Emphasizes safe door operation, particularly in non-residential buildings. This includes vision panels, safety mechanisms for sliding and power doors, and barriers for swinging doors.
Next Time…
In the next episode, we will move on to Approved Document L – Conservation of Fuel and Power: Part 1 – Dwellings.
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I hope you enjoyed this episode and that the considerations of Approved Document K: Protection from Falling, Collision, and Impact are clear to you now.
If you have any questions, reach out to me on LinkedIn or send me an email—I'm more than happy to help you out.
At Bytnar, we deal with planning, designing, and managing your projects. We’re always glad to facilitate a free initial consultation to steer you in the right direction.
Visit www.bytnar.co.uk and get in touch—whether your question is, “Can you help me with my project?” or just “What should I do?”, we’ll give you honest, no-obligation advice.
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See you next week.Bytnar Designs the World Around You.
Toodloo! 👋
Piotr Bytnar BEng (Hons) MSc CEng MIStructE
Chartered Structural Engineer who deals with the Architecture of buildings. His Master's Studies led him to an in-depth understanding of risk and contract arrangements in construction as well as specialist knowledge in soil mechanics.
He and his team help homeowners and property developers to design and deliver construction projects reducing waste in time and the cost. He believes that the construction project is an iterative process that can be well managed and it is best managed if all the aspects of the project definition and management are dealt with in-house or coordinated by one organisation. His team works to all stages of RIBA and ISTRUCTE stages of work and enables contractors to deliver projects on-site providing risk evaluations, methodologies for execution of works and temporary works designs.
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